The newest sibling fixed consequences define 65% of the version when you look at the training within this take to
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
Within attempt discover 676 siblings, regarding just who 302 was indeed ple (as they are from a family group where one girl was hitched very early) keeps fathers with somewhat lower instructional attainment, will be Muslim, and generally are expected to live-in outlying elements
Whenever we talk about this new extent that province and you may community repaired outcomes simply take differences in social and you may financial disadvantage of the examining the power to establish type within the informative attainment, we find your village fixed consequences describe over 31% on the version, considerably more as compared to step 3% said by the province fixed outcomes. The vast majority of adaptation try however within villages.
We basic introduce estimations you to definitely manage to have province*time-revolution FE and then village*time-revolution FE. I then go one step subsequent from the to present results in which we guess sister repaired effects models where in fact the coefficients are projected regarding contrasting off sisters, certainly who had partnered very early in addition to almost every other which did maybe not. Which research controls for all family relations features, each other observable and unobservable, educated by the sisters elizabeth.grams., nearest and dearest record. Which yet not cuts down on new test. These answers are ergo best-read to be relevant to help you properties regarding more old-fashioned and lower socio-economic households. Footnote ten
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting https://brightwomen.net/fi/afganistanilaiset-naiset/ for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.